The real answers to the question will look more like a sidestep, akin to Jesus' response to Nicodemus' question in the garden. I'll get to those, but will start with scientific texts from the Bible on the general topic, as that is what you are ostensibly seeking.
God Stretches Out the Heavens
It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the
inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the
heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in:
(Isaiah 40:22, KJV)
Which alone spreadeth out the heavens, and treadeth upon the waves of
the sea. (Job 9:8, KJV)
Thus saith God the LORD, he that created the heavens, and stretched
them out; he that spread forth the earth, and that which cometh out of
it; he that giveth breath unto the people upon it, and spirit to them
that walk therein: (Isaiah 42:5, KJV)
He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the world by
his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by his discretion.
(Jeremiah 10:12, KJV)
And forgettest the LORD thy maker, that hath stretched forth the
heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and hast feared
continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he
were ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor? (Isaiah
51:13, KJV)
Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out
the heavens like a curtain: (Psalm 104:2, KJV)
Astronomers tell us that it appears the universe is expanding. These verses would appear to say the same. There is a consistent theme with each of them that God is stretching out the heavens. Some apparently put this in past tense, others in present tense. Hebrew does not have tenses, though, so translation is a bit complicated as to exactly when the events occur. Hebrew has many verb forms, but they are directed more at chronological sequence or causation than actual times. And God is a God of the present.
The "Circle of the Earth"
Isaiah 40:22, already referenced above, speaks of the "circle of the earth." The word "sphere" is not found in the Bible, nor is "orb", nor "globe." But all of these are, without doubt, circular objects.
The Sun Goes "Down"
Thy sun shall no more go down; neither shall thy moon withdraw itself:
for the LORD shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of thy
mourning shall be ended. (Isaiah 60:20, KJV)
The language used in the Bible is human language, and humans see everything from their own self-centric perspectives. The sun "goes down" because that is what our senses perceive. Even in English we say this. The sun "sets", there is "sunrise" and "sundown" and "sun up" etc. We know, scientifically, that the earth is rotating on its axis and only very gradually orbiting the sun--but we still don't say things like "the earth rotated us into its shadow." Neither should such unnatural language be expected of the Bible.
The Real Answers
God could simply have told us that He had created all we see in one week's time, resting on the last day to give us a day for commemoration of His work. He needn't have given the details for each day. They really were not significant, as long as we knew that God had created all. But God, in His wisdom and foreknowledge, did not give us the details just as trivia on our origins. He was giving us a prophetic look into the major chapters of earth's history that were about to unfold.
To understand the prophecy, one must first know the time formula to apply. It is found in 2 Peter 3:8 and in Psalm 90:4.
For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is
past, and as a watch in the night. (Psalm 90:4, KJV)
But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with
the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day. (2
Peter 3:8, KJV)
So one day of actual time will represent a millennium in prophetic time. This explains Genesis 2:17 where God tells Adam, who lived to be 930 years old, that he would die the "day" he ate of the forbidden fruit.
Day 1
God created light. Light represents truth; as opposed to darkness which symbolizes error or ignorance. Psalm 43:3 and John 3:21 use "light" and "truth" in parallel fashion.
Prophetic application: The first millennium was filled with truth. No atheists existed. Anyone could speak to Adam and learn the truth from him. They could also see the angels with flaming swords guarding the entrances to Eden. Truth was in abundance--which is why their deliberate choice to rebel was so egregious.
Day 2
God created the firmament and named it "Heaven." This firmament divided waters which were above from the waters below. Waters represent peoples--see Revelation 17:15.
Prophetic application: The waters above, in the "heaven," can represent the saints of God, the righteous. The waters below represent the worldly peoples. The great Flood of Noah's day during earth's second millennium fulfills the prophecy of a separation between these "waters." So complete is the division that the wicked are entirely removed.
Day 3
God caused the dry land to appear and named it "Earth"; then He created grass, plants, and trees upon it. Dry land represents an unpopulated area (since waters represent gatherings of people); grass represents people--see Isaiah 40:6-7; and trees represent leaders among the people--consider Daniel 4 and the king's dream of the tree, etc.
Prophetic application: After the Flood, the earth was largely unpopulated; but the grass (people) then sprung up and trees (leaders, kings, and rulers) came up among them. During this third millennium of time virtually all major nations / civilizations developed, including the Chaldeans, Akkadians, Assyrians (precursors to Babylonians), Egyptians, Hittites, Sino-Tibetans, Canaanites, Israelites, etc.
Day 4
God created the greater light (sun) and the lesser light (moon), as well as the stars (nearly a parenthetical statement as if this might already have taken place at some point prior). The sun, our "morning star" which rises to lighten the earth every morning, represents Jesus--see Revelation 22:16, where Jesus says as much in his own words. The moon, which can only reflect the light from the sun, and cannot originate it (remember that light represents truth), symbolizes the prophets who receive the truth from Jesus and then share it with the people.
Prophetic application: The sun represents Christ himself--who was, by this prophecy, foretelling his own advent to planet Earth. This is why it is said of him that he is "the lamb slain from the foundation of the world" (Revelation 13:8). Jesus came at the final hour, so to speak, of the fourth millennium, fulfilling this prophecy. The moon, representing the prophets, symbolizes the great majority of the Bible that was written during this time period and/or inspired by the coming of Christ during this day.
Day 5
God created the fish and the fowl. Fowl are foul, and represent the evil spirits and demons--see Revelation 18:2, and consider how the Bible so often speaks of the birds/fowl in the parables, etc. Fish represent the ignorant masses, which follow the crowd not having a real leader, nor knowing where they are headed--see Ecclesiastes 9:12. Teach them, so that they are no longer ignorant (especially spiritually), and the "fish" become "men", as Jesus' analogy of "fishers of men" implies. The "whales" might better be translated as "dragons"--which I won't address here.
Prophetic application: This day presents a fitting picture of what we now call "the Dark Ages." Demons cloud the sky, blocking the light of the sun (truth), and leaving the people in ignorance and darkness. Bibles were burned in the streets during these Dark Ages, and truth was scarce.
Day 6
God created first the land animals; then God creates Man in His likeness. The animals represent nations in prophecy--refer to the beasts of Daniel and Revelation. Man in God's image represents those saints of God who perfectly represent God's character to the world. God's image, His glory, is His character--see Exodus 33:18-34:7.
Prophetic application: The animals/beasts represent kingdoms--fulfilled in the fact that during this present millennium we have more nations than ever before in history. That Man is to be re-created in God's image is the most awesome part of this prophecy. God will have a people who shine for Him, perfectly showing His character to the world. Only when this is true will the conflict between good and evil be finally ended.
Knowing the representations of each symbol can then help us to understand the timeline of what was to take place.
CONCLUSION
While the "real answers" do not satisfy those seeking only a "literal" interpretation, the fact remains that God's primary purpose in setting forth the daily order of His creation is not that of presenting a "literal" guide or mapping to the universe. It is not God's purpose to inform us as to what our exact location within the universe is.
It is my understanding and belief that we are not presently in the center of the universe, even though we are certainly the center of attention; but I believe that once God establishes His kingdom upon this earth-made-new, it will become the center at that point in time. I believe in a Theo-centric universe, as opposed to a geo-centric one. But the Bible does not explicitly give us this information, and we may rest content that it is not necessary for us to know, for God has promised to give us what is necessary for us (see Philippians 4:19).