C.S. Lewis's petitionary prayer paradox

Question

The problem I am submitting to you arises not about prayer in general but only about that kind of prayer which consists of request or petition.... I have no answer to my problem, though I have taken it to about every Christian I know... ~ C.S lewis

In Petitionary Prayer: A Problem Without An Answer (Clive Staples Lewis; Christian Reflections. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1967 pp. 142–151), Lewis observes that that there are two types of prayer, one which he calls the "A Pattern" and the other the "B Pattern". The crux of the problem is thus: the first pattern is given in the Lord's Prayer,

⁹“This, then, is how you should pray:

“‘Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be your name.
¹⁰Your kingdom come,
your will be done
on earth as it is in heaven.'"

~ Matthew VI (all quotations from the NIV)

and in the agony of Gethsemane,

⁴²“Father, if you are willing, take this cup from me;
yet not my will, but yours be done.”

~ Luke XXII

while the second pattern is seemingly at odds with the first, as in such examples as

¹³ "...I will do whatever you ask in my name, so that the Father may be glorified in the Son.
¹⁴ You may ask me for anything in my name, and I will do it."

~ John XIV

and

⁷"Ask and it will be given to you;
seek and you will find;
knock and the door will be opened to you."

~ Matt VII

and

²³"...my Father will give you whatever you ask in my name.
²⁴...Ask and you will receive, and your joy will be complete."

~ John XVI

How are we to reconcile these two seemingly diametrically opposed patterns of prayer? On the one hand we are to trust our Lord and Savior to lead and guide us in what He knows is best. This, of course, sounds perfectly reasonable. But at the same time we are told without qualification (except in a few cases where truly believing is requisite) that what we ask for will be granted.

I share Mr. Lewis' desire to know the truth, a workable and satisfactory solution to the problem, asking my friends, pastors, counselors, and some (ostensibly) well-studied men and women, to provide some kind of special, as of yet undisclosed insight. But as yet I am not satisfied. The problem remains unanswered in my experience, as apparently was C.S. Lewis'.

I have asked well-meaning, though not highly-sophisticated people, to try to provide answers. Here is an example of the typical response:

When Jesus instructed his disciples on how they should pray, he indicated that there was a positive causal role in prayer regarding the coming of the Kingdom. One aspect of the kingdom is the presence of the King, so Jesus could say that the kingdom of God is at hand! Another is the acceptance of kingly leadership and fealty (loyalty). This is imperfectly implemented at best. There is a pitched battle being waged over the seating of the king. Satan has usurped the throne and doesn't want to forsake it. The king of the present age is being defeated by saints who will pick up their crosses daily and follow Jesus and who will pray as led by the Holy Spirit - macro prayers for God's will to be done on earth as it is in heaven and micro prayers of petition for our individual needs (prayers that stimulate and deepen our individual relationships with God) and prayers of intercession as the Holy Spirit opens our eyes to the needs of others and gives us His heart of compassion.

This just doesn't seem to do justice to the question. It doesn't really address the issue at all. All this letter is saying, at bottom, is that we are to do both. I may be missing the point, but to me this letter just doesn't make for a good case.

I have been extremely frustrated over this issue, and hope that there are insights that have been gained over the many years since Mr. Lewis' question was first posed. In the meantime, although I draw closer to God in my relations to Him, e.g. in talking to Him about my life, my hopes, and my many other daily considerations, I have not been able to intercede.

In closing his paper, Lewis asks (reasonably), "How am I to pray this very night?", and many are the nights I have hit my pillow with the same thought.

Do any Christian denominations or prominent Christian thinkers address the apparent paradox of petitioning God, who apparently promises to answer all prayers, while also yielding to His will?

For more information, please see

C.S. Lewis and Petitionary Prayer (De Mentor), an overview of Lewis' views of prayer in general, and

C.S. Lewis on Prayer (Dr. Art Lindsley), a paper from a biographical viewpoint.

Answer 1

Personally I have no difficulty with this apparent contradiction. Rather I expect it. This may be because very early in my Christian life it was explained to my satisfaction. It has to do with our basic view of the nature of prayer. Prayer is our response to God after he has put his Sprit within us. It is a ‘spirit’ of prayer. It is our unconscious yearning for his will, often expressed in words.

A constant ‘spirit’ of prayer is in the scripture:

pray without ceasing (1 Thes 5:17, ESV)

This spirit of prayer is a key element in the predicted outpouring of God’s kingdom ushered in through Messiah:

And I will pour out on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and supplication. (NIV Zechariah 12:10)

Because you are his sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, the Spirit who calls out, “Abba, Father.” (NIV Galatians 4:6)

In the same way, the Spirit helps us in our weakness. We do not know what we ought to pray for, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groans that words cannot express. (NIV Romans 8:26)

In this life we desire many things contrary to our prayers so when we express our desires in vocal prayer, sometimes we are asking what we do not want and what is not God’s will. However if we delight in the Lord's will he will gives us the desires of our heart, because our desires will be his will. (Psalm 37:4 ).

In the extreme case where God’s will is leading us into everything that is revolting to human nature and naturally opposed by us, even without sinning our prayer would become very difficult as our spirit would be willing but our flesh would be weak. In this case expressing God’s will in prayer would be to so, if it by thy will let this not happen (as nothing in me natural life desires it), nevertheless thy will be done (as my spirit desires this more, your will in the Spirit of prayer).

Related question:

What does the Bible say about how we should pray?

Answer 2

I don't know if this will help, but I tend to agree with your assessment that the answer you received doesn't do justice to the question. The typical response example that you provided doesn't, in my opinion, address the real issue. I do agree with the conclusion that it comes to, as my answer will show, but it is immensely unsatisfying because the way it's presented, it's just thrown out there seemingly without a lot of thought behind it.

In truth, there is probably plenty of thought behind it, but it's likely that the person who gave the answer did all the logical calculations I'm about to outline and just gave you the conclusion without taking you through the steps.

It's like trying to understand math if you're just learning. You can tell a first grader that 12 x 12 = 144. They may believe it, but doing so doesn't teach them how to multiply. They'll probably come back with a "why?", or they'll just ignore it. There's groundwork that needs to be understood before they can do the calculations themselves. Answers like the one you said make me feel like that kid.

If that's the problem for you... If you're saying that you understand that we're supposed to do both, but are looking for more of an explanation of how this computes theologically, because on the surface it just doesn't add up, and you'd like to see and understand how it adds up, maybe this will help. If not, then this answer will be of no use to you, and you can save some time and stop reading here.

---

I said in the first sentence, the answer seems to miss the main issue, which is that there is an apparent contradiction - a conflict, where one passage seems to be at odds with another. (Or several at odds with each other.)

There are certain established guidelines for understanding Scripture and for understanding apparent discrepancies. These guidelines are widely accepted in Protestant as well as Catholic and Orthodox doctrine.

I'll attempt to address this using that approach, to show the logical steps that go from "Hey, there's a contradiction here" to "Oh, I get it - both seemingly contradictory statements can be true because..."

• First, and you're probably already familiar with this, most traditions believe in Biblical inerrancy and infallibility.

This is explained in greater detail here, but the short version is that the Bible can't be wrong because it was given by God Himself, but that doesn't mean you can take it to extremes.

• The second principle, strongly related to the first, deals with what it means to take the Bible literally. Hyper-literalism is a mistake, as described here.

The authors, per the doctrine of plenary inspiration, wrote as God moved them, but they were able to use their own literary style. When reading it, we are simply to use common sense in determining if something is a figure of speech or a real statement. When you get overly literal, you run into problems. For example, if a Biblical author were to say, "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse", a reasonable person would be able to understand that he couldn't really eat a horse - it's just a hyperbole, and what he means is he's really hungry.

• Next, there are well-defined guidelines for understanding apparent discrepancies, as documented here.

Short version: Apparent discrepancies tend to be either copyist errors (only the original manuscripts were considered inerrant) or misunderstandings of the context.

It is here that the conflict is resolvable.

The difference between these verses is entirely about the context in which they are used. And added to that, there tend to be overly-literal interpretations, of some of the verses, that are exacerbating the problems.

First, addressing the "If you ask anything in my name" question... This has already been addressed on this site. Someone asked what "anything" means because they saw the same apparent conflict. Richard gave a detailed, excellent answer, one that I couldn't shorten without butchering. Please, take a second to check it out.

If you read it, you can see that, understanding this verse in context, it is not saying that you can ask for anything at all. You couldn't ask for God to lie, for example, and expect it to come true.

When you read each of these passages in context it becomes plain to see that we are to pray differently in different situations. And these verses are also in passages that are trying to teach different things. In some, He is teaching us to have faith and be surrendered to God. In others, He is teaching that we can come to Him and ask for things, having faith that He will answer them, if they're in His will.

Again, it's all about the context. Taken in context, there is no discrepancy. It's only when the verses are taken out of the context of the deeper meaning of the full passages they are contained within that there becomes a discrepancy.

Answer 3

I'd like to answer your question with a focus on how we should be praying for healing. Those familiar with the life of C.S. Lewis might recall a healing miracle that Lewis observed around 1959. The miracle took place in the midst of prayer when Fr. Peter Bide, a former student of C. S. Lewis, laid hands on a woman that was a very close friend to Lewis. Lewis writes about the event:

I have stood by the beside of a woman whose thigh bone was eaten through with cancer and who had thriving colonies of the disease in many other bones as well...The doctors predicted a few months of life: the nurses, who often know better, a few weeks. A good man laid hands on her and prayed. A year later the patient was walking (uphill, too, though rough woodland) and the man who took the last X-ray photos was saying 'These bones are as solid as rock. It's miraculous...

Many believe that the woman Lewis was writing about was actually his wife Joy Davidman. If so, this could be regarded as an example of a healing that was more of a reprieve of sorts - as Joy died a few years later. In a similar manner, many modern-day Christians have observed that prayers for healing often end up being answered in a "reprieve" type manner of healing.

In a letter to a friend dated December 7th, 1950, C. S. Lewis writes about the "fides heroica" or the manifestation of the Spirit called the "effecting of miracles" mentioned in 1 Corinthians 12:10:

That this gift was promised to the Church is certain from Scripture. Whether any instance of it is a real instance, or chance, or even (as might happen in this wicked world) fraud, is a question only to be decided by the evidence in that particular case. And unless one is a doctor one is not likely to be able to judge the evidence. Very often I expect, on is not called upon to do so. Anything like a sudden furore about it in one district, especially if accompanied by publicity campaign on modern commercial lines, would be to me suspect; but even there I might be wrong. On the whole my attitude would be that any claim may be true, and that it is not my duty to decide if it is.

In another undated letter, Lewis writes:

Whether any individual Christian who attempts Faith Healing is prompted by genuine faith and charity or by spiritual pride is I take it a question we cannot decide. That is between God and him. Whether the cure occurs in any given case is clearly a question for the doctors. I am speaking now of healing by some act such as anointing or laying on of hands... As for our prayer they are united with Christ's perpetual prayer and are part of the Church's prayer. (in praying for people one dislikes I find it helpful to remember that one is joining in His prayer for them.) - Letters of C. S. Lewis

That some people may more likely be used by God to pray for healing with greater temporal results can be seen in a letter where Lewis writes to Sister Penelope:

I was intensely interested in your story of the healing of the little dog. I don't see why one shouldn't. Perhaps indeed those to whom God allows a gift in this way should confirm their own faith in it by practicing on beasts,... I am glad it happened...

Yet, for Lewis, the issue of bold praying (i.e. fides heroica) for miracles was rather complicated. For example, Lewis wrote on January 14th, 1953 to Fr. Don Calabria. In the letter he raises the following questions:

And now, my dearest friend hear what difficulty leaves me in the most doubt. Two models of prayer seem to be put before us in the New Testament which are not easy to reconcile with each other.

One is the actual prayer of the Lord in the Garden of Gethsemane ("if it be possible...nevertheless, not as I will but as Thou wilt").

The other, though is in Mark XI v. 24. "Whatsoever you also believing that you shall receive you shall obtain" (and observe that in the place where the version has, in Latin, accipietis - and in the vernacular translation, similarly, has the future tense, "shall receive" - the Greek text has the past tense ἐλάβετε = acceptistis - which is very difficult).

Now the question: How is it possible for a man, at once and the same moment of time, both to believe most fully that he will receive and to submit himself to the Will of God - Who perhaps is refusing him?

How is it possible to say, simultaneously, "I firmly believe that Thou wilt give me this", and, "If Thou shalt deny me it, Thy will be done"? How can one mental act both exclude possible refusal and consider it? I find this discussed by none of the Doctors.

Please note: it creates no difficulty for me that God sometimes does not will to do what the faithful request. This is necessary because He is wise and we are foolish: but why in Mark XI 24, does He promise to do everything (whatsoever) we ask in full faith? Both statements are the Lord's; both are among what we are required to believe. What should I do? - (Lewis, Letters: A Study in Friendship)

Lewis, in a subsequent letter, adds, "About this question which I submitted to you, I am asking all theologians: so far in vain."

In even more subsequent articles, Lewis explores this theological problem by observing that there are two basic patterns of prayer that we see in Scripture. He notes that there is a pattern “A” passive prayer and a pattern “B” prayer style – i.e. in a bold style (i.e. fides heroica). Lewis reflects on Jesus’ own prayer in the garden that the cup that he was about to drink might be spared. He raises the question: “Why was Jesus himself not sufficiently led by the Holy Spirit to pray for the right things, or to have sufficient faith that what he did ask for would be granted?" For years, Lewis struggled with these questions.

One way that Lewis attempts to resolve the paradox is by suggesting, that when a person of faith is so united with God, there is frequently something of the "divine foreknowledge" which enters his mind.

What Lewis writes about is helpful from a practical point of view. The important part of praying is to have a heart receptivity to the Holy Spirit stirring up Category B type prayers.

Still, it is important to point out that at certain times and seasons, especially in the midst of spiritual warfare, both categories of praying may not result in any tangible visible answers. God is totally sovereign. Yes, he may answer temporal prayers (both category A and/or B prayers) with temporal results. However, when this happens, these are largely sneak previews of what is to come at the end of the age.

On the other hand, God may limit his miraculous activity by only honoring these prayers in an eschatological sense. When this happens, God may be said to be preferring to hide himself rather than work signs, wonders, and miracles in response to prayer. Along this line of thought, it is helpful to consider what C.S Lewis writes in his book, The Screwtape Letters about a junior devil who mentors an apprentice and counsels him on how best to tempt a new believer away from the faith. In one of his letters to Wormwood, he writes:

He (God) wants them to learn to walk and must therefore take away His hand; and if only the will to walk is really there He is pleased even with their stumbles. Do not be deceived, Wormwood. Our (the Devil’s) cause is never more in danger, than when a human, no longer desiring, but intending, to do our Enemy’s will, looks round upon a universe from which every trace of Him seems to have vanished, and asks why he has been forsaken, and still obeys. How should we than pray?

In his work, Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer, Lewis cautions: “For most of us the prayer in Gethsemane is the only model. Removing mountains can wait.”

Still, the debate goes on. There are at least two schools of thought on the issue of how often God desires us to pray boldly. One other intriguing school of thought is that the correct default position in Christianity (especially for those in missional situations) might very well reside in Category B type prayer intimations. In other words, God in small ways (e.g. in missional situations) may be frequently prompting believers to boldly pray. The divine causality of such prayer can bring about heavenly interference for positive change in our world.

In this, divine causality view of prayer, the emphasis is placed on whether we might miss out on what God is currently doing. The point is that we may often quench and abort intimations from the Holy Spirit that can release providential miracles in the world. Perhaps this is what Jesus meant when he said to his close disciples who did not experience temporal results in their prayers, "You of little faith" (Mark 8:26). Here the issue is not submission to the will of God, but the anticipation of God's response - i.e. a trust or yielding, with the pure receptivity of faith, to the Spirit's prompting for bold and persistent praying. This trust yield to the possibility of being able to even rebuke the elements of chaos in conjunction with bold prayer.

It was previously pointed out how Lewis writes: “For most of us the prayer in Gethsemane is the only model. Removing mountains can wait.”

Still, Lewis still writes in a sympathetic manner about those who hold to a high view of praying boldly:

Such a person will be tempted to reply that most of us are in fact grievously wrong in our prayer-life: that miracles are accorded unwavering faith: that if we dropped our disobedient lowliness and pseudo-spiritual timidity blessings we never dreamed of would be showered on us at every turn…This would fall in with an old opinion of my own that we ought all of us to be ashamed of not performing miracles and that we do not feel this shame enough…we ought perhaps to regard the worker of miracles, however rare, as the true Christian norm and ourselves as spiritual cripples. (Petitionary Prayer: A Problem without an Answer)

Answer 4

This may be the height of arrogance to answer Lewis, but here goes...

Using the Lord's prayer, we see that we have get through: Our Father who art in Heaven, Hallowed be thy name.

This, and throughout scripture, God calls himself Father in a remarkable way that combines both his intimacy and grace with his holiness and truth. It is this God that we petition in prayer.

A God who is Father doesn't give his children whatever they ask for. Tim Keller says: "He gives us everything we would have asked for if we knew everything he knows." Our perspectives on what we think we need are terrible! Often they are bad for us. Think if a 5 year old always got his way. Things would be a disaster. Even my 25 year old self would have been a disaster if I got what I wanted. In His loving kindness as Father, he discerns what we need and what we want.

It's only if we think God is a Genie of the Lamp, instead of a Father, that we can read a verse that says "whatever you ask for, I will give it" and think if we don't actually get a brand new car there is a paradox in this particular scripture. God never shows himself to be a Genie of the Lamp that you rub and say some words and poof it's there.

Paul asked that God remove the thorn in his side so that he would be more effective for the Gospel. God says no to removing the thorn, but then says "my power is made perfect in your weakness." He took what Paul really wanted, to be effective, and made him effective through the thorn.

Answer 5

Let me offer one possibility, I will not claim that it is the answer you seek, but maybe perhaps you may consider it in the realm of possibility.

Let's start with another CS Lewis quote which is a rare find, you can find the text here: http://ced.cbcm.org/pastclasses%20storage/life_files/CSLewisonPrayer_ArtLin511.pdf

Lewis felt that prayer was not primarily something to talk about but something to “do.” He says, For many years after my conversion, I never used any ready made forms except the Lord’s Prayer. In fact, I tried to pray without words at all – not to verbalize the mental acts. Even in praying for others I believe I tended to avoid their names and substituted mental images of them. I still think that the prayer without words is the best – if one can really achieve it.”

Let's take this in the context of the Matthew 6, because we often think of the Lord's prayer, but I would say that the surrounding words of this chapter are just as meaningful about prayer.

5 And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. 6 But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly. 7 But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. 8 Be not ye therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye ask him.

Verse 8 is a very important part. Your heavenly father knows what you need before you even ask of it. It is not unreasonable to believe that a creator of such complexity as to be able to create the universe with an intelligent design that we cannot comprehend could know your thoughts and what's on your mind and heart right in this very moment.

This also lines up with CS Lewis's comments of prayer, prayer is a time for reflection in which those mental images are brought up to reflect upon of all of the matters of the heart. Therefore, there is no need for vain repetitions with words, there is no need to pray with long verbal words and to be seen in the streets and synagogues. Does the Lord's prayer count as a vain repetition of words? No, because this was ordained to us in the gospel as literally how to pray. It's what's in the mind that comes to light during prayer on all of these other matters.

I am suggesting to you as an act of faith to trust in the Lord to provide what you need, because he already knows what you need even before you think, during prayer think about those pressing matters in your life as they come up.

To speak more verbally than this is truly assuming that there is a finite limit on God, as if continued speaking in prayer is the only way to be heard by a God who already knows your very thoughts right in this moment. God is far more powerful than our limited human comprehension can even begin to perceive. The Lord's Prayer also covers everything comprehensively, our daily bread, the forgiveness of our sins and others, deliverance from evil, and submission to the sovereign authority of God. When you take this in its new light, you may see at least from this viewpoint that the other verses which deal with asking of the Lord are about asking in thought during prayer. Whatever will be addressed in your mind during prayer will be brought to light, if indeed it's God will that it be brought up in prayer.

Answer 6

Although far from being a prominent Christian thinker or writer, I would like to offer some rather simplistic insights regarding this paradox which I have found helpful in my walk.

Prayer Types: Type A … prayer which include “Thy will be done ...” Type B … the prayer of faith

How are we to reconcile these two seemingly diametrically opposed patterns of prayer?

Answer: I don’t believe that they need to be “reconciled” … it’s not an EITHER OR but, rather, a BOTH. Both types of prayer are true and can be applied to any prayer to our Lord. How can this be?

Permit me to illustrate this paradox with little children. Please refer to Luke 18:16 … KJV “But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of God.” For those of you who are parents or grandparents, imagine your little children and how they looked up to, trusted you, believed in you and unconditionally loved you. To me, this is one way of characterizing what our relationship to our Father in Heaven should look like.

For me, when I contemplate my Lord, there is a “Father-Son” relationship. I could ask Him for anything, absolutely anything and truly believe He will grant it, even if it literally involved moving a mountain … to me, whether He moved that mountain or not is unimportant. What is important is that I believe that He could. Nothing is off limits. When my eldest daughter was about 3 years old, we were looking at the moon thru her bedroom window one night. I asked her “would you like me to throw you up there to the moon so you could see it closer?” She quickly said “Yes”. I put her soft blanket over her head and told her it was a long way away and that it was cold, so the blanket was necessary. Then I unlocked and opened her window, making a bit of noise which I wanted her to hear under that blanket. At this point she began to shake a little bit in my arms out of fear. She believed that I was actually going to do it … what’s more she believed that I could do it. Of course, I took the blanket off her head, and quickly reassured her that now was not the time to do this. This type of unquestioning, unflinching faith in her Dad is what Type B prayer is all about.

Even while we know that our Father in heaven CAN do anything, even move mountains, we also know in the depths of our souls that He loves us and only wants what is best for us, and others, when we pray for them. Thus, we can also pray for things in accordance with His unfathomable will, knowing that He will only give us that which He has determined best. Thus, a child of God (in spirit) can make a request of his/her heavenly Father with a Type A prayer knowing that whatever happens, his/her Dad has heard him/her. and will do what He deems is right. A child, in right relationship with the Father, only wants His will to be accomplished anyway. Sometimes the answer is No. Often times, it is Yes. But, the point is this Type A prayer can be made knowing, in the background, that Dad can do anything. So, the Type B prayer is always there too. The two types of prayer coincide and operate together … thus, the “paradox” is solved and there is no need for reconciliation.