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Peter means "stone" in Greek, while Cephas is "stone" in Aramaic. That verse is confusing in the NIV; the KJV is clearer: John 1:42 (KJV) 42And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. Christ was speaking in Aramaic, and would have ...

The birth of the Church was at Pentecost and Peter was definitely present and immediately made his presence felt as the vicar of Christ on Earth subsequent to the descent of the Holy Spirit on him and the other apostles and Our Lady in the upper room. Then Peter stood up with the Eleven, raised his voice, and proclaimed to them, Acts 2:14 NABRE ...

Assuming you meant when St.Peter received his supremacy and not just becoming the bishop of Rome, I believe it is to be at the reinstatement of Peter (John 21:15-17). For this reason, this is also the gospel reading in an installation Mass of a new Pope. When Jesus addressed Peter in Matthew 16:18-19, he was foretelling the Peter's supremacy. Moreover at ...

The conclusion of the Fathers is that these words mean the Descent into Hades. The Orthodox Icon depicts Christ raising the dead from beneath the earth (as our hymns say) which occurs eternally, that is, outside of time and at no particular time in relation to our understanding of time. Thus, to answer your question: The spirits are the dead from all time ...

I see two main references to the "dead" in the Bible. The first are the physically dead, King Solomon talks about them in Ecclesiastes 9:5. In that verse he tells us that the "dead know nothing". This confirms what we already know, that the physically dead cannot benefit from teaching or preaching. They are dead. The second are the spiritually dead. ...