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What Roman Catholic doctrines are based only in the 7 books canonized by the Roman church, but not accepted by Protestants. (e.g., Tobit, Judith, Maccabees, the additions to Daniel and Esther, etc...)

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I think the proper name for them is Deutero-Canonical - lit. 'second canon'. Apocrypha, if I recall, is the term Protestants used at one time to demean the books as dubious. – RiverC Jun 4 '12 at 18:17

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There's a few notions, but no doctrine, as the domain of doctrine in the Catholic Church is encompassed entirely by the New Testament insofar as it is the fulfillment of the entire Old Testament.

But, here's a sampling off the top of my head:

  • Tobit
    • Archangel Rapahel in the heavenly host
    • Respect for burying the dead as a corporal work of mercy
  • Maccabees
    • Understanding of the efficaciousness of praying for the dead.
  • Judith
    • Maybe a little to do with Just War Theory?
  • Wisdom
    • Deeper understanding of who Christ was/is and how He would be treated
  • Sirach
    • Love of wisdom personified (may have something to do with Mary's title "Seat of Wisdom")

Concerning the state of purgatory and Maccabees, Protestants wholly reject purgatory and they do so because they say it's only in Maccabees, which they also reject. But when Jesus says in His parable about repayment to the last penny, that also informs the Catholic understanding of what purgatory is.

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