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At what date (and/or event) was the Old Testament canon currently recognized by most Protestants finalized? What is the earliest occurrence we have of it being referenced in it's current form and who (or what event) announced it as finalized?

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According to Talmud, the Tanakh canon (Protestant OT) compiled in 450 BC, but modern scholar puts the canon as a process between 200 BC to 200 AD. First the Torah, then Nevi'im and the latest is the Ketuvim.

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The Canon recognized by Jews and most non-catholic churches are same. Some of the books came to light in 3rd Century gets added to catholic old testament. All the books and all content found in OT canon recognized by Protestants are found in Catholic OT canon as well. – Jamess Aug 25 '11 at 5:19
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For a short answer to the question,

in 1647 the Westminster Confession of Faith was issued which decreed a 39-book OT and 27-book NT, the others commonly labelled as "Apocrypha" were excluded.

You can see the statement in http://www.reformed.org/documents/wcf_with_proofs.

For the long explanation, you can look at this wiki article:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon

In Jesus' time there was no one universal canon for all Jews, but two competing ones, which I list below.

The Masoretic Text (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text) formed the basis for the Protestant Bible, for example, and is what the Jews use as authoritative.

The Septuagint (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint) includes the deuterocanonical books, and was quoted by the Apostles and the Early Church Fathers, but that does not imply they they took it as being inspired, but they were familiar with them.

During Luther's time there were disagreements as to what to include in the OT, and this continued until 1647 when it appears the final change to the OT canon for the Protestant church was put to rest.

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Was there a change in 1647 or some other close date that needed to be ratified? If so what was it? What specifically were the disputed books in Luther's time, who was doing the disputing, and did anything end up changing? – Caleb♦ Sep 25 '11 at 19:26
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@Caleb - If you read the wiki article, they point out that in 1611 the King James version included at least parts of the Apocrypha, so it wasn't still a settled issue. In 1647 seems to be the final word on what would be included, though Lutheran and Anglican bibles still had the Apocrypha, until the 20th century, according to the article. You can read about Luther's Canon (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_canon) to get more background on what Martin Luther wanted. – James Black Sep 25 '11 at 19:41

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